MinistryCPA - Corey A. Pfaffe, CPA, LLC

Question: A minister is in charge of a restricted benevolence type of fund/ministry. He is not an employee of the church but is a member and does volunteer in various church related activities. The church receives gifts, some of which are directed to his ministry and some that are  specifically directed to him, all of which are deposited into the church's restricted fund. The church also gives him $200 per month from the restricted fund. The church has been giving him a Form 1099 for the $200 per month at the end of each year.  Is this correct, or are the monthly gifts the church gives non-taxable to the minister/volunteer.  Is there any potential that the $200 per month could be classified as a benevolent gift? Finally, are the gifts to him and/or his ministry tax deductible by the donors? Answer: It is apparent that the church is providing general and donor-designated financial support for a minister who is providing services endorsed by the church. If the church supports

Question: A church treasurer recently was handed a Form 4361 by his church's youth minister. It appeared to have been altered . Can the treasurer contact the IRS to get verification of the app roval? Answer:     R egardless of the youth pastor’s success or failure to gain an exemption from self-employment (SE) tax on ministerial earnings (by virtue of his successful Form 4361 application), the church’s treatment of his wages is unaffected. By definition, a minister is a dual status employee. This means that he is considered self-employed for purposes of SE tax. He is not subject to nor eligible for FICA tax withholding and matching by the church. If he fails to pay his own SE tax on his personal return and it is determined by the IRS that he has no Form 4361 approval, he will be facing a very large tax penalty and interest assessment. Our website provides a n aid to preparing a church's Forms W-2. They are prepared in exactly the same way whether or not the pastor

Question: A youth minister and his wife live in the church parsonage where the wife runs a home photography business. Does this business put the church at risk of losing its exempt status?  How can we limit that risk ? Answer: Perhaps a good place to start is to quickly review the aspects of tax-exempt status. Exempt organizations typically enjoy the following benefits: No federal or state income tax on the excess of receipts over disbursements Donors to these organizations receive tax benefits for their contributions Real property owned by the entities are not subject to real estate taxes Purchases of personal property are exempt from sales tax Employee compensation is not subject to federal or state unemployment taxes In this case, the minister should not be worried about losing income tax exempt status, but rather property tax exemption. In virtually all states, church facilities, including parsonages, are exempt from local property taxes. Whether the operation of a

Question: A missionary is receiving partial support from donors who contribute to her home church on her behalf. How should this income be reported by the church and by the missionary? Answer: Because the church is not using a mission agency, rather, amounts are sent directly to the missionary, the church is considered the payer of the compensation. A November 14, 2010, blog post explains the requirements for a chu rch that chooses to  act as a missi on agency : Church as Mission Agency While a church can act as the mission agency, mission agenc ie s can o ften provide for missionar ie s better than a church could. Since most mission agencies treat missionar ies as their employees, they can establish retirement plans, health plans, and provide many other benefits for the missionaries that a church is unable to provide . In the absence of a mission agency, the church is responsible to file an information return (either a Form 1099-MISC or Form W-2). The miss

Question: A church has used the voluntary services of a bookkeeper and would like to gift to her a $500 gift card. Since she is not an employee of the church, is this gift taxable? Answer: The gift card will be treated as taxable compensation for services rendered. If she is an employee, this income will be reported on a Form W-2. If she is not an employee her income will be reported on a Form 1099-MISC (unless her annual earnings fall below $600) and will be reportable by her on Schedule C and also subject to Self-Employment tax on Schedule SE. Volunteers who incur documented out-of-pocket expenses on behalf of a church may be reimbursed on a tax-free basis. This includes use of an automobile to travel to the church site and on other errands. The mileage reimbursement rate for such volunteers in 2012 is $.14 per mile. In December 2012, the IRS will likely announce its 2013 standard mileage rates.

Question: A church wishes to pay several of its key leaders a monthly amount of about $250 per individual. Is it possible to do this without them becoming employees? If so, what are the limitations to the church compensating to them? Answer: It must be determined whether these individuals are employee s or non-employees. Details within the answer provided in an April 2 1 , 2009, blog post will help in determining this. Church Worker: Employee or Independent Contractor Since the church, it is assumed, controls what the key leaders do, they will most likely be con sidered employees. In the rare situation that key leaders could be classified as non-employees, the church must issue Form 1099-MISC to individuals whose compensation is $600 or more. But we can only think of one example of non-employee status in the situation of compensating "key leaders" -- circuit-riding preachers of a day gone by.     For the sake of information, a second issue to consider here is whe

Question: A 501(c)(3) organization recently accepted the services of a married couple. This married couple does not receive compensation from the organization, but does receive donations from individuals who designate their donations to the organization on behalf of the couple. The organization controls the hours and projects of the couple. Should this couple be considered as employees or as independent contractors? Answer: There is strong motivation for nonprofit and for-profit organizations to treat their employees as non-employees. Typically non-employees are excluded from benefits available to employees (therefore, reducing organizations' costs). An April 21, 2009, blog post  explained the IRS position on the classification of church workers. These same principles apply to all 501(c)(3) organizations: "In most cases, non-ministerial church workers (individuals who are not performing the functions of a minister) should be classified as employees and subject to FICA

Question: A pastor recently left his ministry to start a business. While in the ministry, he had a 403(b)* plan which he contributed to for over 12 years. When he retires, are the distributions from this 403(b) eligible for housing allowance, or will the IRS see this as not housing allowance eligible since he is no longer a minister? Answer: The 403(b) plan will be eligible for housing allowance, as long as the church designates it as such. A previous blog post provided some additional information on this issue. Excerpts and a link to the post merit revisiting: "A retired minister may receive part of his or her pension benefits as a designated parsonage allowance based on past services. Trustees of a minister’s retirement plan may designate a portion of each pension distribution as a parsonage allowance excludible under IRC § 107 (Rev. Rul. 63-156, 1963-2 C.B. 79, and Rev. Rul. 75-22, 1975-1, C.B. 49)" (IRS Minister Audit Technique Guide published in April 2

Question: A church's missions committee wishes to give Christmas and birthday gifts to its missionaries. Are these gifts taxable to the missionaries? Will the church be required to file Form 1099-MISC? Is there a way to give a missionary a non-taxable gift? Answer: Generally, all gifts to missionaries are consider taxable as compensation. However, the church will not have to issue a Form 1099-MISC to individual missionaries for gifts sent to and managed by the missionaries' mission agencies. These agencies are responsible to issue an appropriate report of income (either Form 1099-MISC or Form W-2). Further, mission support sent directly to missionaries (not through an agency)  are subject to government reporting unless they total less than $600 per year. There is one way that gifts can be given to a missionary without being taxable to the missionary . Gifts given by an individual to an individual are neither deductible by the donor, nor taxable to the donee. If a

Question: Can a church that received funds designated for one ministry/purpose use those funds for another ministry/purpose, or must it use all designated funds for their designated purpose even if the funds would be useful elsewhere? Answer: It is our belief that this is not a matter of IRS regulatory concern. It is more a matter of legal and ethical concern. Obviously, donors who give, for example, to a fund to acquire musical instruments will be greatly discouraged to see those funds spent for something other than their intentions. When a church receives funds from its congregation, those funds are no longer under the individual's control, but under the church's control, meaning that the church has the authority to use these funds as it sees fit. It is our understanding and experience that it is the Secretary of State’s offices in most states that address donor complaints. Donors have sought resolution of their complaints by going to outside agencies such as th

Question: A minister is deciding whether to opt out of social security for purposes of his ministerial income. He previously paid into social security through another non-ministry job, and is wondering if he would still get social security benefits if he decided to opt out of social security now that he is a minister? Answer : A minister who has contributed to social security and met the eligibility requirements will not be denied th e benefit of his contributions if he decides to opt out of paying social security for his ministerial earnings. The minister should consult either the annual statement of projected benefits (called "Your Social Security Statement") he receives from the Social Security Administration or www.SSA.gov . Opting out of social security only affects income received for ministerial services, not income previously received as non-ministerial compensation. Further, any non-ministerial employment or self-employment continues to be subject t

Question: Can a church rent a property to use for its church parsonage? If so, can anyone live in the property as long as they're not paying rent to the church for living in the parsonage? Answer: According to the IRS’s Minister Audit Technique Guide: “IRC § 107 provides an exclusion from gross income for a “parsonage allowance,” housing specifically provided as part of the compensation for the services performed as a minister of the gospel. The term “parsonage allowance” includes church provided parsonages, rental allowances with which the minister may rent a home and housing allowances with which the minister may purchase a home.” The church provides either the parsonage or the rental allowances to cover the cost of housing for the minister. If an individual other than the minister had his rent paid for by the church, it may be considered compensation for that individual and, if so, would need to be reported as such. Possible scenarios:      Church rents house

Question: A church recently built a new church building. How should a church account for its fixed assets?  How should it account for the church building on its balance sheet?  How does it recognize depreciation? Answer: If a church uses full Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for its books, then fixed assets must be capitalized and depreciated. However, in many situations, it is our belief that many churches should use the modified cash basis. This means that capital asset purchases are recorded as expenses, and not as depreciable assets. Expensing asset purchases allows the church’s congregation to more easily understand the financial situation of the church. This concept of expensing assets is discussed at greater length in the following blog posts: Church Accounting for Fixed Assets Churches Recording Depreciation For a MS-PowerPoint presentation on financial management for a church, follow the link provided below to MinistryCPA.org and click on the Prese

Question: Is it necessary for a church to withhold Social Security and Medicare (FICA tax) from its pastor’s compensation? How does the church report housing allowance paid to its pastor? Answer: Ministers are exempt from all withholding, including FICA tax. By Internal Revenue Code statute, ministers are dual status employees--employees in every respect except for purposes of withholding. For purposes of Social Security and Medicare they are treated as self-employed (SE) individuals. Therefore, boxes 3, 4, 5, and 6 on a Form W-2, for reporting Social Security and Medicare wages and withholding, are left blank. Whether the minister has personally chosen to opt-out of SE tax is irrelevant to the church. It cannot withhold and match FICA tax for a minister.  We recommend that the housing allowance be reported in box 14 of Form W-2 as a memorandum item. Illustrations of these concepts are in the accompanying link to our website. Click on the Presentation: Church and Christia

Question: A church wishes to help out its retired pastor by providing him funds, not from a qualified retirement plan, but from church donations. Should the church file Form 1099-R which is designed for pension distributions? Further, how can these funds be distributed to him without being taxable as self-employment (SE) income (perhaps as a cash housing allowance)? Answer: First, the retirement arrangement does not appear to be of the type reportable on Form 1099-R. However, the situation described above seems to closely relate to a detailed blog entry on September 9 th 2011:  Retired Minister Housing Allowance SE Tax Free? This appears, perhaps, to be one of the rare situations when a church is willing to fund a retired minister’s cash housing allowance when he is no longer providing services to the church ("retired", as discussed in the 9-9-11 blog post). Some nice tax benefits accrue to this pastor. If the provisions communicated in the above refere

Question: A licensed or ordained minister at a church has opted out of social security and Medicare. He is now employed at a Christian school teaching music. Is this considered ministerial income subject to self-employment (SE) tax or non-ministerial income subject to FICA withholding tax? Answer: Non-ministers are subject to mandatory FICA tax withholding. Ministers are subject to self-employment tax. Some ministers have qualified to opt-out of paying this tax. IRS Pub 517 partially addresses the question posted here: " Teachers or administrators.   If you are a minister employed as a teacher or administrator by a church school, college, or university, you are performing ministerial services for purposes of the housing exclusion. However, if you perform services as a teacher or administrator on the faculty of a non-church college [including non-church schools and universities], you cannot exclude from your income a housing allowance or the value of a home tha

Question: A church wishes to help a college student with a foreign mission trip. Donations were gathered by the church and travel expenses were reimbursed as incurred. At the end of the summer the church wrote a check to the student for the excess funds above expenses. Should this church give the college student either a Form W-2 or a 1099-MISC? Answer: Yes, the church will be required to file Form 1099-MISC for the compensation component of the funds disbursed to the college student (the amount in excess of the reimbursements). IRS Publication 1828 says “A church or religious organization must use Form 1099-MISC in any calendar year for… compensation paid to non-employees.” The payments in excess of actual expenses are considered compensation for services performed.  This situation is unusual. Typically, when a church receives funds from its congregation, those funds are no longer under the individual's control, but under the church's control. This means t

Question: Do churches and Christian organizations that provide only reimbursement for expenses incurred (and no salary) need to report these expenses on either Form W-2 or 1099-MISC? Answer: Expenditures reimbursed to an employee under an accountable plan are not reported on Form W-2 or 1099-MISC. However, the organization must be sure that the reimbursements are of the non-taxable type. According to IRS Publication 463, “To be an accountable plan, your employer's reimbursement … arrangement must include all of the following rules. 1. Your expenses must have a business connection — that is, you must have paid or incurred deductible expenses while performing services as an employee of your employer. 2. You must adequately account to your employer for these expenses within a reasonable period of time. 3. You must return any excess reimbursement or allowance within a reasonable period of time.” Of course, the minister’s cash compensation,